01

What should be checked when a similar application is detected?

Preserve the application number, applicant, representation of the sign, specification, priority date and publication date. Confirm whether it is a Polish national application, an EU trade mark or an international registration designating Poland or the EU.

Then identify the earlier basis. This will commonly be an earlier registered or pending trade mark, although other earlier rights, reputed marks or protected geographical indications may be relevant in defined circumstances. The opposition should not be wider than the right and commercial conflict justify.

Businesses still deciding where to register may consult Polish or EU trade mark: which protection should a business choose?. An opposition nevertheless requires a separate assessment of the later application.

02

Does a similar name always justify an opposition?

No. A conventional likelihood-of-confusion analysis considers both similarity of the signs and similarity of the goods or services. Visual, aural and conceptual features, dominant and distinctive elements, the relevant public, purchasing process and degree of attention all matter.

An identical term used for wholly remote goods may not create a conflict. Conversely, graphical differences may not be enough where a shared word element dominates and both businesses offer closely related services to the same customers. The assessment is global and fact-specific.

The strength of the earlier mark should also be examined. A descriptive or weak element generally receives a narrower scope than a fanciful, recognised sign. Reputation may support broader protection, but it needs proper pleading and evidence.

03

What is the Polish Patent Office deadline and procedure?

An eligible earlier rights owner may oppose a Polish application within three months of publication. The deadline cannot be reinstated. A fee must be paid, and the opposition should identify the parties, earlier right, scope, factual and legal grounds and supporting reasoning.

UPRP notifies the applicant and gives the parties a two-month opportunity to settle. On their joint request, this period may be extended up to six months. If no settlement is reached, the applicant responds and the parties submit arguments and evidence.

Where the earlier mark has been registered long enough, the applicant may raise non-use. The opponent must then show genuine use for the relied-on goods or services during the relevant five-year period, or proper reasons for non-use.

04

How does an EUIPO opposition work?

An opposition to an EU trade mark application must also be filed within three months of publication. The fee and an identifiable earlier basis must be provided within the applicable period. The opposition can cover all or only part of the specification.

After admissibility, a settlement period allows the parties to negotiate. EUIPO’s standard cooling-off period is two months and may, on joint request, be extended to a total of 24 months. The extended period may be brought to an end under the applicable procedural rules.

The EU trade mark applicant may also request proof of genuine use where the earlier mark meets the age threshold. Evidence should demonstrate place, time, extent and nature of use. A few undated screenshots or isolated materials may be insufficient.

05

How should genuine-use evidence be prepared?

Organise evidence by goods and services, territory and period. Relevant materials can include invoices, catalogues, packaging, advertising, sales figures, archived web pages, distribution agreements and documents showing how the mark appeared on the market.

Volume alone is not the objective. The evidence should tell a coherent story: who used the mark, in which form, where, when, for what and on what scale. If the sign was used in a modified version, assess whether the changes altered its distinctive character.

Brand owners should collect these materials in the ordinary course of business. Reconstructing five years of evidence shortly before a procedural deadline increases cost and the risk of gaps.

06

When is settlement preferable to a final decision?

Settlement can be effective where the conflict can be removed by limiting goods or services, territory, sales channels or brand presentation. Withdrawal, assignment, licensing and coexistence may also be considered.

A coexistence agreement should not merely state that the parties tolerate their marks. It should address specifications, territories, channels, brand features, expansion, domain names, online advertising, actual confusion and remedies.

Not every settlement is safe. Broad consent may restrict future enforcement, while market partition between competitors requires competition-law review. The agreement should reflect both parties’ realistic development plans, not just their current Nice classes.

07

What if the opposition deadline has passed?

The loss of the opposition period does not necessarily remove every remedy, but it changes the route. Depending on the status and grounds, invalidity proceedings, claims against use or negotiation may remain possible. Each has separate conditions, costs and risks.

Monitoring is therefore part of trade mark protection, not an optional post-registration service. It should cover the relevant registers, similar signs and commercially important classes. An alert does not replace legal assessment: many results will be harmless, while some require action before an irreversible deadline.

Trade mark strategy should also be coordinated with ownership of the branding assets. Agencies and rebranding projects need a separate copyright chain, as explained in Copyright in a marketing agency.

08

Projekt 1 — elektroniczne podpisywanie umów

  • Problem klienta jest konkretny: wybór skutecznej metody podpisania umowy B2B i późniejszych dokumentów.
  • Lead bezpośrednio odróżnia formę dokumentową od pisemnej i kwalifikowanego podpisu.
  • Pięć wniosków ma charakter praktyczny i decyzyjny.
  • Stan prawny zweryfikowano na 31 lipca 2026 r. w aktualnym Kodeksie cywilnym i skonsolidowanym eIDAS.
  • Przykład hipotetyczny obejmuje sposób podpisania, ryzyko dla praw autorskich, konsekwencję transakcyjną i sposób naprawy.
  • Checklista zawiera osiem punktów.
  • Tabela porównuje rzeczywiste metody i skutki; jest uzasadniona.
  • Podstawy prawne są wykorzystane i nie zawierają linków.
  • Linkowanie prowadzi do istniejących artykułów PL/EN.
  • CTA wskazuje audyt form, matrycę podpisów, klauzule i kontrolę platformy.
  • Temat nie powiela artykułu o rozwiązaniu umowy B2B ani o prawach do kodu; odpowiada na odrębną intencję dotyczącą formy zawarcia różnych kontraktów.
09

Projekt 2 — sprzeciw wobec podobnego znaku

  • Problem klienta jest konkretny: reakcja na opublikowane, kolizyjne zgłoszenie.
  • Lead podaje oba trzymiesięczne terminy i najważniejsze wymaganie argumentacyjne.
  • Pięć wniosków obejmuje monitoring, termin, ocenę konfuzji, dowód używania i ugodę.
  • Stan prawny zweryfikowano na 31 lipca 2026 r. w Prawie własności przemysłowej, rozporządzeniu EUTMR oraz materiałach UPRP i EUIPO.
  • Przykład hipotetyczny pokazuje konflikt, zbyt szerokie żądanie, ryzyko dowodowe i właściwą strategię.
  • Checklista zawiera osiem punktów.
  • Tabela porównuje procedury UPRP i EUIPO oraz etapy decyzyjne; jest uzasadniona.
  • Podstawy prawne są wykorzystane i nie zawierają linków.
  • Linkowanie prowadzi do istniejących artykułów PL/EN.
  • CTA wskazuje analizę, sprzeciw, dowody używania i negocjacje.
  • Temat rozszerza artykuł o wyborze ochrony PL/UE, ale nie konkuruje z nim: dotyczy późniejszego sporu, a nie wyboru systemu rejestracji.
10

Oficjalne źródła wykorzystane do weryfikacji (poza treścią publikacyjną)

  • Kodeks cywilny — tekst jednolity ogłoszony w Dz.U. z 2026 r. poz. 795.
  • Rozporządzenie (UE) nr 910/2014 (eIDAS), tekst skonsolidowany po zmianie rozporządzeniem (UE) 2024/1183.
  • Serwis gov.pl dotyczący podpisu zaufanego, osobistego i kwalifikowanego.
  • Prawo własności przemysłowej — tekst jednolity ogłoszony w Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 1170, z późniejszymi zmianami.
  • Materiały Urzędu Patentowego RP dotyczące wniesienia sprzeciwu i procedury ochrony znaków w Polsce i UE.
  • Rozporządzenie (UE) 2017/1001 w sprawie znaku towarowego Unii Europejskiej.
  • Rozporządzenie delegowane Komisji (UE) 2018/625 i rozporządzenie wykonawcze Komisji (UE) 2018/626.
  • Oficjalne wytyczne EUIPO dotyczące sprzeciwu, cooling-off i dowodu używania.
PRACTICE

How the issue appears in practice

Example

Hypothetical example: a similar app name and an overbroad opposition

A Polish company owns the EU word mark “NIVARO”, used for project-management software. Monitoring identifies “NIVARO HOME”, filed for software, interior-design services and furniture retail. Management wants to oppose the entire specification based only on similarity of the names. The conflict may be strong for software but not identical across every service and product. The earlier mark has been registered for more than five years, so genuine-use evidence for the relevant software must also be prepared. The proper strategy is to assess the specification, public and strength of the common element and oppose only to the justified extent. Cooling-off may then be used to limit the later application and agree presentation rules instead of automatically demanding withdrawal from every class.

Working checklist

Matters to determine or verify before proceeding

  • Which office handles the later application and when was it published?
  • Which earlier marks or other rights can support the opposition?
  • Does the earlier right cover the relevant territory and have priority?
  • Which goods or services actually overlap or are similar?
  • How will the relevant customers perceive the signs visually, aurally and conceptually?
  • Is the earlier mark subject to proof of use, and which evidence is available?
  • Is the commercial objective refusal, limitation, rebranding or settlement?
  • How would a settlement affect future products, territories, domains and advertising?

Key issues at a glance

IssueKey information
UPRP deadlineThree months from publication; the Polish deadline cannot be reinstated.
EUIPO deadlineThree months from publication of the EU trade mark application.
BasisA specific earlier right and an identified relative ground.
AssessmentSigns, goods or services, public, channels and the overall likelihood of confusion.
Genuine useThe opponent may need to prove use during the relevant period if requested.
Polish settlement periodTwo months, extendable up to six months on joint request.
EUIPO cooling-offTwo months initially, with a joint extension to a total of 24 months.
After the deadlineAssess invalidity, use-based claims and negotiation separately.
LEGAL BASIS

Legal basis

  • Polish Industrial Property Law Act of 30 June 2000, in particular Articles 132¹ and 152¹⁷–152²³.
  • Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 on the European Union trade mark, in particular Articles 8 and 46–47.
  • Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/625 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1001.
  • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/626 laying down detailed rules for implementing certain provisions of Regulation (EU) 2017/1001.
Explore this areaBusiness in Poland

This article provides general information and does not constitute legal advice for a specific matter. The appropriate solution depends on the facts, documents and business objective.

Summary

An effective opposition starts with the deadline and a strategy, not a general resemblance between names. The earlier right must be connected to a defined part of the specification, with a confusion analysis and, where needed, genuine-use evidence. The settlement period should be used to secure an outcome that protects the actual brand market.